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鋼鐵是鐵與碳、硅、錳、磷、硫以及少量的其他元素所組成的合金。其中除鐵外，碳的含量對(duì)鋼鐵的機(jī)械性能起著主要作用，故統(tǒng)稱為鐵碳合金。它是工程技術(shù)中最重要、用量最大的金屬材料。
Iron and steel are alloys of iron with carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and a small amount of other elements. In addition to iron, the content of carbon plays a major role in the mechanical properties of steel, so it is collectively referred to as iron carbon alloy. It is the most important and the largest amount of metal material in engineering.
按含碳量不同，鐵碳合金分為鋼與生鐵兩大類，鋼是含碳量為0.03%~2%的鐵碳合金。碳鋼是最常用的普通鋼，冶煉方便、加工容易、價(jià)格低廉，而且在多數(shù)情況下能滿足使用要求，所以應(yīng)用十分普遍。按含碳量不同，碳鋼又分為低碳鋼、中碳鋼和高碳鋼。隨含碳量升高，碳鋼的硬度增加、韌性下降。合金鋼又叫特種鋼，在碳鋼的基礎(chǔ)上加入一種或多種合金元素，使鋼的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和性能發(fā)生變化，從而具有一些特殊性能，如高硬度、高耐磨性、高韌性、耐腐蝕性，等等。

According to the different carbon content, iron carbon alloy is divided into two categories of steel and pig iron, steel is a carbon content of 0.03%~2% of iron carbon alloy. Carbon steel is the most commonly used ordinary steel, smelting convenience, easy processing, low price, and in most cases can meet the use requirements, so the application is very common. According to the carbon content, carbon steel is divided into low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel. With the increase of carbon content, the hardness and toughness of carbon steel decrease. Alloy steel and special steel, adding one or more alloying elements in steel on the basis of the change of microstructure and properties of steel, it has some special properties, such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high toughness, corrosion resistance, etc..
生鐵硬而脆，但耐壓耐磨。根據(jù)生鐵中碳存在的形態(tài)不同又可分為白口鐵、灰口鐵和球墨鑄鐵。白口鐵中碳以Fe3C形態(tài)分布，斷口呈銀白色，質(zhì)硬而脆，不能進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工，是煉鋼的原料，故又稱煉鋼生鐵。碳以片狀石墨形態(tài)分布的稱灰口鐵，斷口呈銀灰色，易切削，易鑄，耐磨。若碳以球狀石墨分布則稱球墨鑄鐵，其機(jī)械性能、加工性能接近于鋼。在鑄鐵中加入特種合金元素可得特種鑄鐵，如加入Cr，耐磨性可大幅度提高，在特種條件下有十分重要的應(yīng)用。
Pig iron is hard and crisp, but it is resistant to pressure and wear. According to the existing iron carbon in different forms can be divided into white iron, gray iron and ductile iron. White iron in the carbon distribution in the form of Fe3C, the fracture was silver white, hard and crisp, can not be processed mechanically, is the raw material of steelmaking, it is also known as steelmaking pig iron. The distribution of carbon graphite in Gray said, the fracture was gray, easy cutting, easy casting, wear resistance. If the carbon is spherical graphite, it is called ductile iron. Its mechanical properties and processability are close to that of steel. Special alloy elements are added to cast iron to obtain special cast iron, such as adding Cr, the abrasion resistance can be greatly improved, and it has a very important application under special conditions.
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